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Colonial buildings and structures in Jakarta include those that were constructed during the Dutch colonial period of Indonesia. The period (and the subsequent style) succeeded the earlier period when Jakarta (known then as Jayakarta/Jacatra), governed by the Sultanate of Banten, were completely eradicated and replaced with a walled city of Batavia.^[1] The dominant styles of the colonial period can be divided into three periods: the Dutch Golden Age (17th to late 18th century), the transitional style period (late 18th century – 19th century), and Dutch modernism (20th century). Dutch colonial architecture in Jakarta is apparent in buildings such as houses or villas, churches, civic buildings, and offices, mostly concentrated in the administrative city of Central Jakarta and West Jakarta.

Below is a list of colonial buildings and structures found in Jakarta. The list is sorted alphabetically according to its official (local) name. The list can also be sorted to each category.

Buildings which undertook complete renovation which resulted in different form are listed separately to distinguish the different architectural form.

Some notable Chinese-style buildings and Islamic mosques that were built during these period are included in the list for comparison.

Dutch East India Company period – 17th to late 18th century[edit]

The first type of colonial architecture grew from the early Dutch settlements in the 17th century when settlements were generally within walled defenses to protect them from attack by other European trade rivals and native revolt. Following the siege of Jayakarta (previously known as Sunda Kelapa) and its demolition by the Dutch in 1619, it was decided to build the headquarters of the Dutch East India Company on the site. Simon Stevin was commissioned to design a plan for the future settlement based on his concept of the 'ideal city'. His response was a rectangular, walled town, bisected by the river Ciliwung which was to be channeled into a straight canal (later known as also known as Grote Rivier or Kali Besar or 'Big River' in this area). This new city is called Batavia (now Jakarta). In accordance with Stevin's model, the fortress of Batavia was the most prominent building in the city, symbolizing the center of power, while townhall, markets, and other public buildings were distributed. This layout of Jakarta can still be clearly recognized today in Jakarta Old Town through the layout of the streets and canals, although most of the original 17th structures had been destroyed or replaced with newer early 20th-century structures.^[2]

The architecture style of this period was the tropical counterparts of 17th-century Dutch architecture. Typical features include the typically Dutch high sash windows with split shutters,^[2] gable roofs,^[2] and white-coral painted wall (as opposed to exposed brick architecture in the Netherlands). This earlier period of Jakarta had many of the buildings solidly built with relatively enclosed structures, a structure that is not very friendly to tropical climate as compared to the architecture of the next period in Jakarta.^[2] Best example of these buildings were located along the Tygersgracht (now Jalan Muka Timur), all had been demolished.^[2] The best surviving example is Toko Merah.

Several types of Portuguese colonial architecture also exist, usually outside the walled city of Batavia. Tugu Church and Sion Church, with their plain facades and domed windows, are some surviving examples.

In 1808, Daendels officially moved the city center to the south because of the deteriorating condition of the inner town as well as the malaria outbreak. As a result, many buildings and structures from this period were left to deteriorate. Because of financial issues, many buildings were demolished in the 19th century and the debris was used to construct newer structure in the south, such as the Palace of Governor-General Daendels (now the Financial Department of Indonesia) from the debris of Batavia Castle, and Batavia Theater (now Gedung Kesenian Jakarta) from the debris of the Spinhuis.

Later, these empty lots in Jakarta Old Town were filled with newer 20th-century structures. Surviving 17th–18th structures were later converted as Jakarta's cultural heritage, e.g. Toko Merah, Gereja Sion and Jakarta History Museum.

Other dominant architecture styles from this period were the Chinese merchant houses, many were built during the 18th century. Many of these structures show an eclectic mix of Dutch and Chinese influences.^[2]

Colonialism – late 18th century to 1870[edit]

After the VOC was formally dissolved in 1800 the Batavian Republic expanded all the VOC's territorial claims into a fully fledged colony named the Dutch East Indies. From the company's regional headquarters Batavia now evolved into the capital of the colony. In 1808 Daendels moved the old town center to higher ground to the south and urbanized the area known as Weltevreden. During the British interregnum Daendels was replaced by Raffles who governed until 1816.

As the Dutch become more securely established in the region, towns grew up beyond the walls of the fort.^[2]Batavia, together with Semarang and Ujung Pandang, were the most important urban centers.^[2] During this time, Batavia became congested and wealthier merchants and other powerful men began to build their residences on the outskirts of town and in the surrounding countryside.^[2]

The period shows a gradual adaptation to the tropical climate form on the part of the Dutch colonial architecture. These new form of architecture is called Indische Stijl. Typical style during this period include large roof overhang, high roof and ceiling, and front and rear verandahs that opened on to gardens. Indies style can be described as a mix of Indonesian, Chinese, and European influence. Very often the local Javanese style limasan roof was employed, but with addition of 19th-century European architectural elements such as Tuscan columns, doors, windows, and a flight of three to four steps leading up to a verandah running the full width of the house.^[2]

Neoclassicism was a popular style for buildings in Jakarta during this period, which is considered to be the best representation of the greatness of the empire.^[38]

Post Cultuurstelsel abolition – 1870 to mid 20th century[edit]

The abolition of the Cultuurstelsel in 1870 made way for the rapid development of private enterprises in the Dutch Indies. Numerous trading companies and financial institutions established themselves in Java, most of them settled in Batavia. Jakarta Old Town's deteriorating structures were replaced with offices, typically along the Kali Besar. These private companies owned or managed plantations, oil fields, and mines. Railway stations were designed during this period, with characteristic style of this period.^[2]

Architecturally, neoclassicism fell out of favor to be replaced by Neogothic and Dutch Rationalism. Apparent architectural style were Nieuwe Kunst (e.g. Bank Tabungan Negara), Art Deco or De Stijl, and Amsterdam School. This architecture styles were also the tropical counterpart of the original style, resulting in a style called New Indies Style.

Two dominant architectural bureaus during this period were AIA Bureau (Frans Ghijsels) and AA Fermont and Cuypers Bureau (Eduard Cuypers).^[2]

Colonnades are required during this period to provide protection against monsoon rains and tropical sun, which in turn transformed the appearance of buildings in the city centers.^[2]

Colonial style in Jakarta lingered some years after the Japanese occupation of Indonesia in 1942, and further after the independence of Indonesia in 1945.

See also[edit]

Notes and references[edit]

Notes

1. ^The location of the Vierkant point was earlier the location of the English lodge / Shabandar point which exist prior the establishment of Batavia.^[6]
2. ^The house was bought by Van der Parra in 1767.^[25]
3. ^The Old Church of Holland was demolished to make way for the organ that was too large for the church.^[34]
4. ^Earlier it was the location of the Zeeland defence point to the west of Batavia.^[6]
5. ^According to a plaque in front of Toko Merah.
6. ^so called because it was the tallest building in Grogol during the colonial area.^[41]
7. ^Material for the building was collected from Kasteel Batavia, dismantled in 1809.^[48]
8. ^The material for the construction of the building were taken from the 17th century Spinhuis in Jakarta Old Town.^[51]
9. ^established by A. Chaulan and J.J. Didero.^[55]
10. ^The construction of the building used the former bricks of the wall of Old Batavia.^[17]
11. ^Firma TIEDEMAN & VAN KERCHEM / – NV. Assurantie Maatschappij 'De Nederlanden van 1845'. FATUM. LABOR. / NEDERLANDSCH-INDISHE, Zee-en Brand Assurantie Maatschappij / TWEEDE NEDERLANDSCH-INDISHE, Zee-en Brand Assurantie Maatschappij / KOLONIALE, Zee-en Brand Assurantie Maatschappij / TWEEDE KOLONIALE, Zee-en Brand Assurantie Maatschappij / Zee-en Brand Assurantie Maatschappij 'De Oosterling' / NV. Cult. Mij. Bodjong Datar / NV. Landb.Mij. Dajeuh Manggoeng / NV. Cult.Mij. Gandasoli / NV. The Indo Java, Rubber Planting & Trading Cy. / NV. Cult.Mij. Juliana / NV. Landb.Mij. Kertamanah / NV. Lebak Palantations Cy.Ltd. / NV. Marywattie Tea Cy./ NV. Landb. Mij. Radjamandala / NV. Cult.Mij. Takokak / NV. Cult.Mij. Tandjong Oost / NV. Landb.Mij. Tjiletab / NV. Bombay Java Trading Cy^[113]

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137. ^'Passagekantoor van de Rotterdamse Lloyd en de Stoomvaart Maatschappij Nederland aan het Koningsplein te Batavia, verlicht ter gelegenheid van het huwelijk van prinses Juliana en prins Bernhard'. media-kitlv.nl.
138. ^Het Nieuws van den Dag voor Nederlandsch Indië, March 26, 1930
139. ^ ^abcHet Nederlands Indische Huis Oud & Nieuw 1915.
140. ^ ^abRinno Widianto (2009). Gereja-Koinonia(PDF) (in Indonesian). Depok: FIB UI. p. 19. Retrieved September 24, 2013.
141. ^Haantjes Kerk
142. ^Bataviaasch Nieuwsblad, January 7, 1915
143. ^ ^ab'Nassaukerk' (in Indonesian). Dinas Komunikasi, Informatika dan Kehumasan Pemprov DKI Jakarta. 2011. Retrieved August 7, 2011.
144. ^Yustina M Widhartantri (July 3, 2009). 'Gereja St Yoseph Matraman, Saksi Sejarah Kota Militer'. Wisata Kota Tua (in Indonesian). Kompas. Archived from the original on July 25, 2011. Retrieved June 10, 2011.
145. ^ ^abMy Odyssey. Trails of Ghijsels in Batavia: Roman Catholic Church of H. JozefArchived October 1, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. 2006/4/03
146. ^ ^abAkihary 1990, p. 132.
147. ^'Sejarah GKI Pinangsia'. GKI Pinangsia (in Indonesian). GKI Pinangsia. 2015. Retrieved June 20, 2015.
148. ^ ^ab'Pasar Glodok'. Colonial architecture & townplanning. TU Delft Library. 2015. Retrieved August 31, 2015.
149. ^Jagad Mayanipun Mas OyéArchived August 20, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. Masoye.multiply.com. Retrieved July 6, 2011.
150. ^Jagad Mayanipun Mas OyéArchived August 20, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. Masoye.multiply.com. Retrieved July 7, 2011.
151. ^Het Nederlandsch Indische Huis Oud en Nieuw, 1916 p.37-45
152. ^ ^abDirektorat Jenderal Perhubungan LautArchived June 9, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
153. ^Nurul Ulfah (December 11, 2009). 'Melawan Virus Bersama Eijkman' (in Indonesian). DetikHealth. Retrieved April 2, 2011.
154. ^ ^abMenjaga Autentisitas Eijkman. Bataviase.co.id (September 5, 2010). Retrieved July 7, 2011.
155. ^Het Indische Leven, December 4, 1920
156. ^'Michiels Monumen'. Ensiklopedi Jakarta (in Indonesian). Dinas Komunikasi, Informatika dan Kehumasan Pemprov DKI Jakarta. Retrieved July 6, 2011.
157. ^'Van Heutszmonument Gambir (Indonesië)' (in Dutch). NAi. Retrieved August 28, 2011.
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159. ^ ^abP. Nas; Martien de Vletter (2009). Masa lalu dalam masa kini: arsitektur di Indonesia. PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama. p. 142. ISBN979-22-4382-8. Retrieved September 2, 2011. ISBN9789792243826
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161. ^Het Nieuws van den Dag voor Nederlandsch Indië March 22, 1920
162. ^ ^abAkihary 1990, p. 134.
163. ^Vletter, M.E. de; Voskuil, R.P.G.A.; Diessen, J.R. van (1999). Batavia/Djakarta/Jakarta – Beeld van een Stad. Purmerend: Asia Maior. p. 131. ISBN90-74861-09-1.
164. ^ ^abcTwi Wahyuni (December 17, 2015). 'Aphoteek Chung Hwa: Rela Terkikis Demi Jakarta'. CNN Indonesia (in Indonesian). CNN. Archived from the original on September 11, 2016. Retrieved September 11, 2016.
165. ^Kantor PT Pelayaran Bahtera AdhigunaArchived September 16, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
166. ^ ^abcd'Pertamina'. Ensiklopedi Jakarta. Dinas Komunikasi, Informatika dan Kehumasan Pemprov DKI Jakarta. 2010. Retrieved July 7, 2011.
167. ^ ^abAkihary 1990, p. 131.
168. ^maulana, Doni. 'www.jakarta.go.id PORTAL RESMI PEMPROV DKI JAKARTA – www.jakarta.go.id'. www.jakarta.go.id.
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173. ^ ^abMerrillees 2015, p. 49.
174. ^De Indische Courant, febr. 26, 1938
175. ^Twee vrouwen zitten op het Koningsplein in voormalige Batavia (nu Jakarta) goederen te verkopen, Indonesië (1947) – the Memory of the Netherlands (het Geheugen van Nederland). Geheugenvannederland.nl. Retrieved July 6, 2011.
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179. ^ ^ab'Stasiun Pasar Senen' (in Indonesian). PT. KERETA API INDONESIA. June 25, 2010. Retrieved September 16, 2011.
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Cited works[edit]

• Akihary, Huib (1990). Architectuur & Stedebouw in Indonesië 1870/1970. Zutphen: De Walburg Pers. ISBN90-72691-02-4.
• Brommer, Bea (1998). Gunawan Tjahjono (ed.). Batavia: the Realisation of an Ideal City. Indonesian Heritage - Architect. 6. Singapore: Archipelago Press. ISBN981-3018-30-5.
• Élan Kooy, Michelle (2008). RELATIONS OF POWER, NETWORKS OF WATER: GOVERNING URBAN WATERS, SPACES, AND POPULATIONS IN (POST)COLONIAL JAKARTA. Vancouver: The University of British Columbia.
• Gill, Ronald (1998). Gunawan Tjahjono (ed.). Country Houses in the 18th Century. Indonesian Heritage - Architect. 6. Singapore: Archipelago Press. ISBN981-3018-30-5.
• 'Het Gebouw der Levensverzekering Mij. Dordrecht, aan Noordwijk te Weltevreden'. Het Nederlands Indische Huis Oud & Nieuw 1915. II (I). 1915.
• Het Indische bouwen: architectuur en stedebouw in Indonesie : Dutch and Indisch architecture 1800-1950. Helmond: Gemeentemuseum Helmond. 1990. Retrieved March 30, 2015.
• Merrillees, Scott (2015). Jakarta: Portraits of a Capital 1950-1980. Jakarta: Equinox Publishing. ISBN978-602839730-8.
• Teeuwen, Dirk (2011). Batavia’s Wilhelmina Park – Jakarta’s Mosque Istiqlal.
• Windoro Adi (2010). Batavia, 1740: menyisir jejak Betawi [Batavia, 1740: sweeping up the footsteps of Betawi] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama. ISBN978-979-22-5451-8.

Udayana University (Indonesian: Universitas Udayana, abbreviated as UNUD) is a public university in Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia. It was established on September 29, 1962 and it used to belong to the Airlangga University that mainly located in Surabaya. Its current rector is Prof. Dr. A.A. Raka Sudewi, Sp.S(K).^[8] The university's name was derived from the 10th century Balinese King Udayana (Dharmodayana) of the Warmadewa Dynasty.^[9]

Based on official data released by the Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher Education of Indonesia (Kemenristekdikti), Udayana University is ranked 57th.^[10] The ranking released by Kemenristekdikti is based on four indicators, those are: the quality of human resources, quality of management, the variety of student activities, quality of research and publications. Moreover, based on international university ranking data released by UniRank through its website, Udayana University is ranked 2128th in the world, and 36th in Indonesia.^[11]

Udayana University obtained accreditation 'A' status (the highest), where there are three levels of status, namely A, B and C, that awarded by the National Accreditation Board of Higher Education (Indonesian: Badan Akrediasi Nasional Perguruan Tinggi, abbreviated as BAN-PT).^[12][13]

• 3Campuses

History[edit]

Udayana University was established by the Act of Minister of Higher Education Republic of Indonesia No.104/1962, on 9 August 1962, after an initial period as part of Airlangga University since 29 September 1958. It was the first university to be established in Bali Province.^[14] With four courses in 1962. In 1975, several faculties such as faculty of law, faculty of engineering, faculty of agriculture and faculty of economy was established. As of 2017, Udayana University have 13 faculties with faculty of marine and fisheries is the newest faculty was established in 2011.^[15]

Download Buku Pancasila Universitas 2018

Faculties[edit]

The program offered in Udayana University relatively comprehensive in the science major programs. The programs offered in the Udayana University is one of the most comprehensive programs in Indonesia.^[16][17]

The university has 13 faculties:^[18][19]

Campuses[edit]

Nias Campus[edit]

Nias Street in Denpasar was the original campus of Udayana University which was established in 1958. On this campus, situated the fabulous Statue of Saraswati, the Goddess of Knowledge, a monument for love of science and technology. It is now home for the Faculty of Letters and postgraduate programs (Masters and Doctorate) of Cultural Studies.

Download Buku Pancasila

Sudirman Campus[edit]

Sudirman campus is in the heart of Denpasar, in easy distance of major sights. It is home to postgraduate programs and Medical Sciences faculty. The early days of the campus saw a field of palm trees planted along the front corridor, making the campus known as “Campus of Palm” (Indonesian: Kampus Palma).

The campus has grown in number and facilities. It includes the Global Development Learning Network (GDLN) Building, an information and communication technology building that facilitates students for working and strengthens connections. It also allows all university students to access distance tutorials and conferences.^[20]

Bukit Jimbaran Campus[edit]

Built in 1986, this is relatively a new campus and is the largest of Udayana’s three campuses. It is designed like a town. Facilities include health clinic, university library, sport center, post office, guesthouse and university housing. An international hospital, shopping center, lake and leisure facilities are being made available soon.^[21]

Buku Tentang Pancasila

The campus is not far from Pecatu, in easy reach of Ngurah Rai International Airport and the major tourism sites of Kuta and Nusa Dua.

Universitas Pancasila Depok

Notable alumni[edit]

• Rui Maria de Araújo, Prime Minister of East Timor
• Prof. Dr. I Wayan Bawa, professor in dialectology at Udayana University
• I Dewa Gede Palguna, Justice, Constitutional Court of Indonesia
• Luh Ketut Suryani, Psychiatry
• I Gede Ngurah Swajaya, Indonesian Ambassador to the Republic of Singapore
• Putu Agus Suradnyana, a politician, advocate, previously elected as a member of People's Representative Council for the period 2009-2014
• I Gede Pasek Suardika S.T., Buleleng Regent who served in the period 2012-2017
• Dr. H. Adirozal, M.Si., Kerinci Regent, previously served as Deputy Mayor of Padang Panjang

References[edit]

Alamat Universitas Pancasila

1. ^Bakta, I Made (2009). Buku Putih Universitas Udayana. Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia: Udayana University Press.
2. ^Bakta, I Made (2009). Buku Putih Universitas Udayana. Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia: Udayana University Press.
3. ^Bakta, I Made (2009). Buku Putih Universitas Udayana. Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia: Udayana University Press.
4. ^Bakta, I Made (2009). Buku Putih Universitas Udayana. Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia: Udayana University Press.
5. ^Bakta, I Made (2009). Buku Putih Universitas Udayana. Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia: Udayana University Press.
6. ^http://auap.sut.ac.th/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=52&Itemid=82
7. ^'Member Universities'. Uibk.ac.at. Retrieved 2010-05-09.
8. ^Udayana, Unit Sumber Daya Informasi Universitas. 'The First Woman Rector of Unud, Prof. Dr.dr.AA.... - UNUD | Udayana University'. www.unud.ac.id. Retrieved 2018-12-22.
9. ^Udayana, Unit Sumber Daya Informasi Universitas. 'UNUD | Universitas Udayana'. www.unud.ac.id. Retrieved 2018-12-22.
10. ^'Mau Tahu tentang Universitas Udayana? Yuk, Simak Informasinya! | Quipper Blog'. Quipper Video Blog. 2017-02-01. Retrieved 2018-12-22.
11. ^'Universitas Udayana | Ranking & Review'. www.4icu.org. Retrieved 2018-12-22.
12. ^'Beranda | BAN-PT'. banpt.or.id. Retrieved 2018-12-22.
13. ^Udayana, Unit Sumber Daya Informasi Universitas. 'UNUD | Universitas Udayana'. www.unud.ac.id. Retrieved 2018-12-22.
14. ^Udayana, Unit Sumber Daya Informasi Universitas. 'UNUD | Universitas Udayana'. www.unud.ac.id. Retrieved 2018-12-22.
15. ^Udayana, Unit Sumber Daya Informasi Universitas. 'UNUD | Universitas Udayana'. www.unud.ac.id. Retrieved 2018-12-22.
16. ^Udayana, Unit Sumber Daya Informasi Universitas. 'UNUD | Universitas Udayana'. www.unud.ac.id. Retrieved 2018-12-22.
17. ^'Universitas Udayana | Universitas Pilihan Terbaik | AyoKuliah.id'. Ayo Kuliah (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2018-12-22.
18. ^'UNUD | Universitas Udayana'. www.unud.ac.id. Retrieved 2018-12-22.
19. ^'Daftar Jurusan di UNUD Universitas Udayana Bali'. kampusaja.com. 2016-03-08. Retrieved 2018-12-22.
20. ^'Fasilitas Menarik di Universitas Udayana Ini akan Membuat Kamu Betah Kulliah | Quipper Blog'. Quipper Video Blog. 2017-03-22. Retrieved 2018-12-22.
21. ^Dewata, Berita (2018-12-01). 'PHRI Siap Bantu Pembangunan Ekonomi Nasional dari Bali'. Berita Dewata | Jendela Pulau Bali (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2018-12-22.

External links[edit]